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Glossary

Cybersecurity Glossary

Important IT security and information security terms explained clearly and practically.

By topic

AI & Machine Learning31Show all 31 →
Awareness & Social Engineering10Show all 10 →
Blue Team & Defense2Show all 2 →
Cloud Security4Show all 4 →
Compliance & Regulation14Show all 14 →
Cryptography5Show all 5 →
Data Protection10Show all 10 →
Endpoint & Monitoring10Show all 10 →
Forensics5Show all 5 →
Governance & Risk6Show all 6 →
Hardening & Secure Development7Show all 7 →
Identity & Access12Show all 12 →
Incident Response6Show all 6 →
ISMS & Security Management8Show all 8 →
Malware & Attacks9Show all 9 →
Network Security15Show all 15 →
Penetration Testing15Show all 15 →
Threat Intelligence13Show all 13 →
Vulnerabilities15Show all 15 →
Zero Trust7Show all 7 →
A

Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)

An Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) is a long-running, targeted attack. See how APTs work and how organizations detect and stop them.

A

Advanced Persistent Threat Monitoring

Advanced Persistent Threat Monitoring protects organizations against targeted cyberattacks. This guide shows how it works and how to set it up.

A

Adversarial Machine Learning

Adversarial machine learning covers evasion, model extraction and membership inference. See how attackers fool AI models and how to defend them.

A

AI Poisoning

AI poisoning uses manipulated training data, backdoors or poisoned RAG sources to compromise AI models. Here is which controls actually help.

A

AI Red Teaming

AI red teaming uses offensive tests to find prompt injection, data leakage and unsafe behaviour in AI applications. Process, methods and tools.

A

Air Gap

An air gap physically isolates a system from other networks. See how it works and where it is used: IT security, power transmission and manufacturing.

A

Algorithmic Accountability

Algorithmic accountability asks who answers for automated decisions. See what the GDPR and EU AI Act require and how companies prove responsibility.

A

Attack Surface Management

Attack Surface Management (ASM) helps you monitor, reduce and protect your organization's attack surface. Here is how it works.

A

Authentication

What is authentication? Its meaning, how it differs from authorization, the three factors, methods such as MFA and passkeys, and typical attacks.

A

AI-Powered Automated Cyberattacks

AI-powered cyberattacks automate phishing, reconnaissance, voice cloning and vulnerability hunting. Here is what businesses can do about them.

B

Backup

A backup protects your data and keeps it available at all times. See proven backup strategies, current technologies and best practices.

B

Biometric Authentication

Biometric authentication verifies identity by physical traits. See how it changes digital identity checks and access control.

B

Blue Teaming

Blue teaming is the defensive side of cybersecurity that protects systems and networks. See its tasks, tools and best practices.

B

Botnet

A botnet is a network of hijacked devices under an attacker's control. See how botnets work, which risks they pose and how to protect yourself.

B

Brute-Force Attack

A brute-force attack guesses passwords or keys by trying many options. See how it works, which weak spots it exploits and how to protect your accounts.

B

BSI IT-Grundschutz

What is the BSI IT-Grundschutz? Standards 200-1 to 200-4, the Compendium and its modules, three levels of protection, a seven-step approach and certification.

B

BSI AI Security Recommendations

The BSI AI security recommendations cover generative AI and AI cloud services (AIC4). See what Germany's cyber agency advises and how to apply it.

B

Bug Bounty

What is a bug bounty? How bug bounty programs work, how they differ from pentests and VDPs, platforms, rewards, legal questions and tips for getting started.

B

Business Continuity Planning

Business continuity planning keeps your operations running during a crisis. See how it helps your organization reduce risks.

B

Business Impact Analysis

A business impact analysis shows how outages affect your business. See its methods and steps for managing risks and protecting business continuity.

B

BYOD

BYOD means employees use their own devices for work. See the benefits and challenges, and how to keep both security and productivity high.

C

Chatbot Security

Chatbot security protects LLM-based AI assistants in your business. See how to detect and contain prompt injection, data leakage and excessive permissions.

C

Chief Information Security Officer (CISO)

What is a CISO? The meaning, tasks and position of the chief information security officer, how it differs from ISB, CIO and DPO, and the external CISO.

C

Cloud Compliance

Cloud compliance means meeting legal and regulatory rules in the cloud. See how companies do this with technical and organizational measures.

C

Cloud Security

Cloud security protects your data and applications in the cloud. See which measures you need to secure cloud environments.

C

Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM)

Cloud security posture management (CSPM) finds security gaps and misconfigurations in cloud infrastructures. It helps you assess and fix them.

C

Code Injection

Code injection is a critical vulnerability that lets attackers inject malicious code. See how to protect against it.

C

Code Obfuscation

Code obfuscation makes software harder to reverse engineer and misuse. See which methods exist and where their limits are.

C

Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT)

What is a CSIRT? Its tasks, types (internal, national, PSIRT), how it differs from a CERT and a SOC, team roles and how smaller companies can organize.

C

Credential Stuffing

What is credential stuffing? How attackers exploit leaked passwords, how it differs from brute force and password spraying, detection and good protection.

C

Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) tricks a browser into sending unwanted requests. See how attacks work, what risks they pose and how to protect systems.

C

Cross-Site Scripting

Cross-site scripting (XSS) injects malicious scripts into web pages. See its types, its risks and how to keep your web applications secure.

C

Cyber Kill Chain

The Cyber Kill Chain splits a cyberattack into seven phases. See how to use the model to protect your company at every stage.

C

Cyber Resilience

Cyber resilience helps organizations withstand cyberattacks. See how protection strategies and resilience make your systems more secure.

C

Cyber Threat Hunting

Cyber threat hunting is a proactive way to find and counter threats. See the strategies, tools and best practices behind it.

C

Cyber Threat Landscape

The cyber threat landscape shows current threats and who is behind them. See how companies and individuals can protect their systems.

C

Cyber Risk

Cyber risk is the chance of harm from attacks or IT failures. See its causes and how risk management, technology and proven measures help.

D

Dark Web

The dark web is a hidden part of the internet. See how it works, where it came from, and which risks and myths surround it today.

D

Dark Web Monitoring

Dark web monitoring spots when your company data shows up on the darknet. How it works, what to do when you get a hit and where its limits are.

D

Data Anonymization

Data anonymization protects sensitive information. See which anonymization techniques are common and which best practices keep data private.

D

Data Exfiltration

Data exfiltration is the unauthorized transfer of data out of a company. See which weak spots enable it and which measures prevent it.

D

Data Governance

Data governance sets policies that keep data secure, accessible and of high quality. See the roles, weak spots and safeguards.

D

Data Protection API

The Windows Data Protection API (DPAPI) protects sensitive data with built-in encryption. See how it works and where it is used.

D

Data Leak

A data leak exposes data to people who should not see it. See its causes, risks and impact, how to detect it early and how to prevent it.

D

Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA)

What is a data protection impact assessment (DPIA)? When it is required under Article 35 GDPR, what it must contain, a seven-step process and examples.

D

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is the EU's data protection law. See its origins, meaning and requirements for companies and citizens.

D

Data Protection Officer (DPO)

A data protection officer (DPO) oversees data protection in an organization. See their duties, responsibilities, qualifications and legal rules.

D

DCC / MSCache Hash

The DCC / MSCache hash stores cached Windows logins. See its security risks and how to protect your Windows systems.

D

DDoS

A DDoS attack floods systems with traffic until they fail. See how it works and how to shield your business from outages and financial losses.

D

Deep Packet Inspection (DPI)

Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) examines the content of network packets. See how it works, its pros and cons, and where it is used.

D

Deep Web

The deep web is the part of the internet that search engines do not index. See its structure, access, security and how it differs from the dark web.

D

Deepfake

A deepfake is fake audio or video created with AI. See how the technology works, which risks it poses and how to protect yourself.

D

Deepfake Threats to Businesses

Deepfake threats target businesses with cloned voices or fake video calls. See how to spot CEO fraud and stop it with callbacks and dual approval.

D

Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)

What is a DMZ? A demilitarized zone separates public servers from the internal network. Design with one or two firewalls, examples and router DMZ explained.

D

DevSecOps

DevSecOps builds security into the DevOps process. See what it means, how it works and why it changes traditional approaches.

D

Digital Forensics

Digital forensics analyzes digital traces and preserves them as evidence. See how it works and why it matters for IT security and investigations.

D

DNS Security

DNS security protects name resolution from attacks such as DNS spoofing and cache poisoning. See how measures like DNSSEC protect your networks.

D

DNS Spoofing

DNS spoofing manipulates DNS requests to redirect users. See the risks, warning signs and ways to protect against it.

D

GDPR-Compliant AI Systems

GDPR-compliant AI systems need a legal basis and transparency. See Article 22, impact assessments and data subject rights explained for businesses.

E

Edge AI

Edge AI runs models on IoT devices. See risks such as model extraction, physical tampering and insecure updates, and how hardening and secure boot help.

E

Endpoint Detection & Response (EDR)

Endpoint Detection & Response (EDR) detects and responds to threats on endpoints. See how it works and how it protects modern IT infrastructures.

E

Endpoint Security

Endpoint security protects end devices against threats. See typical weak spots of laptops, mobile and IoT devices and how to counter them.

E

Enterprise Risk Management

Enterprise risk management (ERM) helps companies identify, assess and control risks. See its benefits and challenges.

E

EOL (End of Life)

What does EOL mean? End of life explained simply: the abbreviation, end of sale vs. end of support, the risks of outdated software and how to prepare.

E

Ethical Hacking

Ethical hacking finds vulnerabilities through authorized, planned attacks. See its tools, benefits and challenges for IT security.

E

EU AI Act Compliance

EU AI Act compliance for companies in Germany: risk classes, provider and deployer duties. Plus deadlines from 2025, fines and first steps.

E

Explainable AI (XAI)

Explainable AI (XAI) makes AI decisions traceable. See methods such as SHAP, LIME and counterfactuals and their role under the EU AI Act and GDPR.

E

Exploit

What is an exploit? Its meaning, how it differs from a vulnerability, types such as zero-day and remote exploits, well-known examples and good protection.

E

Extended Detection & Response (XDR)

Extended Detection & Response (XDR) is part of modern security architectures. See how it protects organizations against complex attacks.

F

Federated Learning

Federated learning trains AI without pooling raw data. See which attacks it faces, from poisoning to gradient inversion, and how to secure it.

F

Firewall

A firewall filters network traffic and is key to network security. See how it works and what matters when you deploy and maintain it.

G

Governance

What does governance mean? Definition, origin, how it differs from management and compliance, plus corporate, IT and data governance – explained simply.

H

Hacking LSASS.exe

Attackers target LSASS.exe to steal Windows credentials. See how this hacking works, which weak spots it uses and how to protect your systems.

H

Homomorphic Encryption

Homomorphic encryption lets AI compute on encrypted data. See PHE, SHE and FHE, practical use cases, limits and how to get started.

H

Honeypot

A honeypot is a decoy that lures attackers so you can study their methods. See how honeypots work, the main types, benefits and risks.

H

Honeytoken

A honeytoken is a decoy piece of data. It reveals unauthorized access early and helps you fend off cyberattacks.

H

Human Firewall

A human firewall means trained employees who spot and stop cyberattacks. See the benefits and how to strengthen your security culture.

I

Identity & Access Management (IAM)

Identity & Access Management (IAM) controls who can access which resources. It prevents unauthorized access and supports compliance.

I

Incident Handling

Incident handling is how you manage IT security incidents. See the key steps to limit damage and improve your protective measures.

I

Incident Response

Incident response is how you manage security incidents. See how to respond to threats and get back to normal operations quickly.

I

Incident Response Plan

An incident response plan sets clear steps for security incidents. It helps companies limit damage and keep operations running.

I

Indicators of Compromise (IoC)

Indicators of Compromise (IoC) are traces that point to an attack. See why they matter and how to use them to protect your company.

I

Information Security Policy

What is an information security policy? Content, how it differs from topic policies and security concepts, and how ISO 27001, BSI and NIS2 treat it.

I

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provides scalable cloud infrastructure on demand. See what benefits it offers companies.

I

Insider Threat

An insider threat is a security risk from within an organization. See how to detect insider threats and protect your company.

I

Integrity

What does integrity mean? Definition, origin, traits of a person of integrity, synonyms and integrity in IT as a security goal – with examples.

I

Intrusion Detection System (IDS)

An intrusion detection system (IDS) detects attacks and unauthorized access in networks. See how it works and which types exist.

I

Intrusion Prevention System (IPS)

An intrusion prevention system (IPS) detects and blocks attacks. See what it is, how it works, its benefits and where it is used.

I

ISMS

An ISMS protects sensitive data with systematic security measures. See its structure, the PDCA cycle, key components and benefits.

I

ISO 27001

ISO 27001 is the leading standard for information security management systems (ISMS). See how it helps you protect your data.

I

IT Audit Management

IT audit management checks IT security, compliance and efficiency in your company. See strategies, processes and best practices.

I

IT Compliance

IT compliance means your IT meets legal requirements. See how it protects companies from risks and supports lasting IT security strategies.

I

IT Governance

IT governance aligns IT with business goals. See its definition, frameworks, strategies, benefits, challenges and best practices.

I

IT Risk Management

IT risk management helps companies identify, assess and reduce threats. See the process, best practices, KPIs and future trends.

I

IT Security Act (IT-Sicherheitsgesetz)

The German IT Security Act (IT-Sicherheitsgesetz) protects digital infrastructures. See how it developed, what it does and which challenges it brings.

I

IT Security Concept

What is an IT security concept? Key parts, the BSI IT-Grundschutz method, the link to ISO 27001 and who needs one.

J

JMX Console

The JMX console manages Java applications. See how it works and which security aspects protect your Java systems against attacks.

K

AI-Based Biometric Authentication

AI-based biometric authentication verifies faces, voices or fingerprints. See key attacks such as deepfakes and what GDPR and the AI Act require.

K

AI Backup and Model Recovery

AI backup and model recovery: what ML systems need backed up and how to check integrity. Plus clean rollback after ransomware or data poisoning.

K

AI Data Protection Impact Assessment (AI DPIA)

An AI DPIA is a data protection impact assessment for AI systems. See when it is mandatory, which risks it covers and how it fits the AI Act.

K

Algorithmic Bias

Algorithmic bias leads to unfair AI decisions. See causes, fairness metrics, countermeasures and duties under German equal treatment law, GDPR and AI Act.

K

AI Forensics

AI forensics uses AI to speed up digital investigations. It also examines incidents on AI systems: artefacts, methods and limits.

K

AI Governance Framework

An AI governance framework sets roles, policies, an AI inventory and a risk process. Based on ISO/IEC 42001 and the NIST AI RMF, for mid-sized firms.

K

AI Governance for Managing Directors

AI governance for managing directors: duty of care and liability, AI literacy under Art. 4 AI Act and solid decision papers for AI projects.

K

AI Incident Response Playbook

An AI incident response playbook is a practical emergency plan. It covers AI incidents, first steps, containment and reporting under GDPR, NIS2 and AI Act.

K

AI Monitoring and Anomaly Detection

AI monitoring and anomaly detection use machine learning to spot unusual behaviour in networks, endpoints and accounts. Limits and first steps.

K

AI Penetration Testing

AI penetration testing checks LLM applications and ML models for prompt injection, data leakage and manipulation. Methodology, scope and tools.

K

AI Phishing Detection

AI phishing detection uses machine learning to assess emails, links and sender behaviour. See its limits and what companies should consider.

K

AI Risk Management

AI risk management for SMEs: list your AI use and assess the risks. Use the AI Act, ISO/IEC 23894 and NIST AI RMF, then add them to your ISMS.

K

AI Security in Critical Infrastructure

AI security in critical infrastructure: operator duties under the BSI Act and NIS2. Plus high-risk AI under the AI Act and practical controls.

K

AI Supply Chain Attack

An AI supply chain attack uses tampered models, datasets or Python packages. See how they reach your company and how to secure their origin and integrity.

K

AI Certification

AI certification covers ISO/IEC 42001, related standards and the BSI AIC4 catalogue. See how they relate to conformity assessment under the EU AI Act.

L

Least Privilege (Principle of Least Privilege)

The principle of least privilege gives users only the rights they need. Strict access control reduces risks and protects systems and data.

L

LinPEAS/WinPEAS

LinPEAS/WinPEAS are tools for finding privilege escalation paths. See how penetration testers use them to uncover vulnerabilities.

L

Log Management

Log management collects and analyzes log data. It helps companies spot security events and system errors and meet compliance requirements.

M

Malvertising

Malvertising spreads malware through online ads. See how this threat works and how you can protect yourself against it.

M

Malware

Malware is malicious software. See how it works, which threats are most common and how to protect your systems and data.

M

Malware Analysis

Malware analysis examines malicious software. See which techniques are used and why companies need it for their security.

M

Man-in-the-Middle (MITM)

A man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack intercepts communication between two parties. See how it works, attack methods and how to protect your data.

M

Memory Forensics

Memory forensics analyzes a system's RAM. It helps find and investigate suspicious activity, processes and hidden malware.

M

Mimikatz

Mimikatz pulls passwords and Kerberos tickets out of Windows. What the tool can do, how attackers use it and how to protect Windows and Active Directory.

M

MLOps Security

MLOps security protects data, training environments, model registries and the deployment of ML models. Concrete measures for each pipeline stage.

M

Mobile Application Security Testing

Mobile Application Security Testing (MAST) checks mobile apps for weak spots. See typical vulnerabilities, tools and techniques.

M

Mobile Device Management (MDM)

Mobile Device Management (MDM) helps organizations manage mobile devices securely. It reduces risks and keeps business running smoothly.

M

Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) requires more than one proof of identity. See how it works, its benefits, challenges, use cases and setup tips.

N

Need to Know Principle

What is the need to know principle? Definition, workplace examples, how it differs from least privilege, and how to apply it under ISO 27001 and GDPR.

N

Network Access Control (NAC)

What is network access control (NAC)? How it works, 802.1X and RADIUS, adaptive NAC, how it differs from a firewall and ZTNA, and a rollout in five steps.

N

Network Segmentation

Network segmentation splits a network into separate zones. See how it works, its benefits and how to use VLANs, subnets, SDN, firewalls and zero trust.

N

NIS2 Compliance for AI Systems

NIS2 compliance for AI systems under Germany's revised BSIG. See risk management, supply chain, incident reporting and management duties.

N

NIS2 Directive

NIS2 and the German implementation act: who is affected, the duties under the new BSIG, reporting deadlines, registration, fines and a checklist.

N

NT Hash / NTLM

NT hash and NTLM are used for Windows authentication. See how they work, their weak spots and how to protect your network against NTLM attacks.

O

OSINT

What is OSINT? Its meaning, common sources, the OSINT cycle, well-known tools and how companies can use OSINT research legally to improve their security.

O

OWASP Top 10

The OWASP Top 10:2025 at a glance: all ten risks for web applications, what changed since 2021 and how to protect against each one.

P

Pass-the-Hash Attack Simulation

A pass-the-hash attack simulation tests hash-based authentication. It helps harden systems against credential theft and misuse.

P

Password Spraying

Password spraying tries a few common passwords across many accounts. See how these attacks work, how to detect them and how to protect your systems.

P

Patch Management

Practical patch management: process and priorities with CVSS, EPSS and CISA KEV. Plus rollout rings, OT firmware, emergency patches and metrics.

P

Penetration Test

A penetration test finds security vulnerabilities. See how a pentest works and why regular testing protects your IT infrastructure.

P

Phishing

Phishing tricks people into giving away data or clicking malicious links. See how it works, which types exist and how to protect your organization.

P

Physical Penetration Testing

Physical penetration testing finds physical security gaps, such as weak access controls and surveillance blind spots. It helps you fix them.

P

Privacy by Default

Privacy by Default means privacy-friendly default settings. See the principles behind it and how companies put it into practice.

P

Privacy by Design

Privacy by Design builds data protection and security into systems from the start. See its principles and benefits.

P

Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning

Privacy-preserving machine learning (PPML) uses differential privacy, federated learning, homomorphic encryption and confidential computing.

P

Privilege Escalation

Privilege escalation lets attackers gain higher rights and take over a system. See its types, causes and defenses.

P

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

A Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) secures digital communication. See which standards it relies on and where certificates and key pairs are used.

P

Purple Teaming

Purple teaming brings attackers and defenders together. They find and fix weaknesses faster as one team.

Q

Quantum-Safe AI

Quantum-safe AI uses post-quantum cryptography (ML-KEM, ML-DSA). It protects training data, model weights and AI interfaces against harvest now, decrypt later.

R

Ransomware

Ransomware encrypts data and demands a ransom. See how it works, which types exist, how to protect yourself and what to do after an attack.

R

Red Team Assessments

A red team assessment is a realistic security test. See how it strengthens your cybersecurity and which benefits and safeguards it brings.

R

Red Team vs. Blue Team

In red team versus blue team, one side attacks and the other defends. See what each team does and how they work together.

R

Red Teaming

Red teaming tests your cyber defenses with simulated attacks. See how these tests help you improve your security measures.

R

Reverse Engineering

Reverse engineering takes products, software and systems apart to see how they work. It yields new knowledge and security insights.

R

Rogue Access Point

A rogue access point is an unauthorized wireless access point. See how it works, why it is a serious threat and how to detect and stop it.

R

Root Cause Analysis

What is a root cause analysis? Its meaning, cause vs. root cause, the steps and methods such as 5 whys and Ishikawa – with examples from IT and security.

R

Rootkit

A rootkit hides malware deep in a system. See how rootkits work, what dangers they pose and how to detect them and defend your systems.

S

SABSA Framework

The SABSA framework is a proven method for business-driven security architecture. It fits companies of any size or industry.

S

Secure Cloud Architecture

Secure cloud architecture protects your cloud infrastructure. It relies on access control, encryption, monitoring and compliance.

S

Secure Coding

Secure coding means writing software without avoidable vulnerabilities. See best practices, techniques and tips for secure programming.

S

Secure Development Lifecycle

The Secure Development Lifecycle (SDL) builds security into every phase of software development. It helps reduce vulnerabilities early.

S

Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)

Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) enables single sign-on. See its technical basics, how it works, its security mechanisms and use cases.

S

Security Hardening

Security hardening reduces the attack surface of your IT infrastructure. See which best practices and implementation steps really matter.

S

Security Logging & Monitoring

Security logging and monitoring explained: the difference between logging and monitoring, which logs you need, how to review them and what ISO 27001 requires.

S

Security Objectives (CIA Triad)

What are the objectives of information security? Confidentiality, integrity and availability in ISO 27001 and BSI, with examples and controls.

S

Security Operations Center (SOC)

A Security Operations Center (SOC) watches your IT around the clock. It analyzes threats and responds to incidents.

S

Security Posture Management

Security Posture Management keeps track of your security status. It covers assessment, implementation and continuous monitoring.

S

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) tricks a server into sending requests for an attacker. See how it works, its risks and how to protect against it.

S

Shadow IT

Shadow IT means IT systems used without the central IT department's knowledge. See its risks, benefits and how to keep it under control.

S

SIEM

SIEM collects and analyzes security events across your IT. See how it works, what it offers and which best practices protect your infrastructure.

S

SIEM Optimization

SIEM optimization makes your SIEM more effective. See which strategies are available and what a well-tuned SIEM offers your IT security.

S

Single Sign-On (SSO)

What is single sign-on (SSO)? Its meaning, how an SSO login works, SAML, OpenID Connect and Kerberos, benefits, risks and how to roll out SSO securely.

S

Smishing

Smishing is fraud via SMS and a form of social engineering. See how it works, what risks it poses and how to protect yourself.

S

Social Media Security

Social media security protects your company's channels. Key measures range from strong passwords and 2FA to monitoring and emergency plans.

S

Spear Phishing

What is spear phishing? How targeted attacks work, how they differ from phishing, whaling and CEO fraud, warning signs and defenses for your company.

S

Spoofing

Spoofing fakes an identity to deceive victims. See the types, from email and IP to DNS and ARP spoofing, and how to protect yourself.

S

SQL Injection

SQL injection lets attackers inject SQL commands into an application. See typical vulnerabilities and how to protect against them.

S

SSL/TLS

What is SSL/TLS? The protocol encrypts internet connections, for example with HTTPS. Handshake, certificates, versions and differences simply explained.

S

Static Application Security Testing (SAST)

Static Application Security Testing (SAST) checks source code for vulnerabilities. See how it works, its benefits, limits and place in development.

S

Steganography

What is steganography? Its meaning, history, methods such as LSB in images, how it differs from cryptography, misuse by malware and how to protect yourself.

S

Supply Chain Attack

A supply chain attack targets a company through its suppliers. See the background, attack vectors and how organizations protect themselves.

S

Synthetic Data

Synthetic data replaces real records in testing and AI training. See when it is truly anonymous, which risks remain and how to evaluate it.

S

System Hardening

System hardening reduces the attack surface of critical systems. See why it matters and which practical methods and best practices work.

T

Third-Party IT Risk Management

Third-party IT risk management reduces risks from external IT providers. It helps companies counter cyber threats and stay compliant.

T

Threat Intelligence Feeds

Threat intelligence feeds deliver current data on threats. See how they work, what they contain and how they help you detect threats early.

T

TISAX

What is TISAX? Assessment levels, assessment objectives, the process and label validity, and why TISAX is not formally a certification.

T

Transport Layer Security (TLS/SSL)

Transport Layer Security (TLS/SSL) is the key technology for sending data securely over the internet. Here is what you need to know.

T

Typosquatting

Typosquatting uses misspelled domain names to trick users. See how it works, its risks for users and companies, and how to prevent it.

V

Availability

Availability means systems are up and usable when needed. See why it matters for IT security and how to maximize uptime and reduce outages.

V

Encryption

Encryption protects data from unauthorized access. See symmetric and asymmetric basics, current methods, standards and post-quantum approaches.

V

Confidentiality

Confidentiality protects sensitive data from unauthorized access. See threats, safeguards, technologies and best practices for this principle.

V

Volatility2 and Volatility3

Volatility2 and Volatility3 are tools for memory forensics. See their features, key differences and use in digital investigations.

V

VPN

A VPN (Virtual Private Network) encrypts data traffic through a secure tunnel. See how it works, how businesses use it and its limits.

V

Vulnerability Assessment

A vulnerability assessment finds weak spots in your IT infrastructure. It helps you assess risks and plan remediation.

V

Vulnerability Management

Vulnerability management helps organizations find, assess, fix and report security vulnerabilities in their IT systems.

V

Vulnerability Scanning

Vulnerability scanning finds weak spots in systems. See how regular scans and sound security strategies protect your IT infrastructure.

W

WinPmem

WinPmem, DumpIt and Magnet RAM Capture capture RAM for forensic analysis. See how their features and use cases differ.

Z

Zero Trust

Zero Trust is a security model that trusts no user or device by default. See its protection concepts, rollout strategies and best practices.

Z

Zero Trust Access

Zero Trust Access checks every access request. See its core principles, benefits and challenges, and how it strengthens your security strategy.

Z

Zero Trust Architecture

Zero Trust Architecture keeps trust to a minimum. It protects environments with strict access controls for every user and device.

Z

Zero Trust Identity Management

Zero Trust Identity Management checks every identity before granting access. See why it matters, how to implement it and best practices.

Z

Zero Trust for AI Systems

Zero trust for AI systems limits and verifies what AI agents and service accounts can access. It also protects model weights.

Z

Zero Trust Network Access

Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) grants access only after verification. See its core principles, benefits and implementation steps.

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Zero Trust Security Policies

Zero Trust security policies define who may access what. See why they matter and how to use them to protect your organization.

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Zero-Day Protection

Zero-day protection defends against previously unknown threats. See how it works and which strategies and methods protect your systems.

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Zero-Day Vulnerability

A zero-day vulnerability is a flaw with no patch yet. See typical traits, risks, known examples and strategies to protect your systems.

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Zero-day exploit

A zero-day exploit attacks a flaw before a patch exists. See how these exploits work and how to protect yourself against them.